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The purposes of this literature review were to identify the theoretical basis and components of the concept hardiness, trends in the study of hardiness it′s application in nursing and issues in measurement. The concept of hardiness has been derived deductively from existential psychology and is composed of three components, control, commitment and challenge. In research, the characteristic of hardiness has been demonstrated as a motivating factor in resolving stressful situations and in adapting to actual health problems. With regard to the measurement of hardiness, because of it′s low level of predictability related to health outcomes, it is recommanded that the component of be omited from the concept of hardiness. On the basis of this literature review, the following suggestions are proposed. 1. Considering the lack of empirical suport, the theory of hardiness needs to be evaluated. 2. There is a need for further study of hardiness in a broad variety of populations. 3. A valid, reliable and culturally appropriate instrument needs to be developed for health related research. 4. Analysis is needed of the relationship between hardiness and stress-resistance, and of the factors related to both.
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